豌豆象鼻虫

生物学

Pea weevils have only one generation per year, with development taking 7-12 weeks. Adults overwinter in seeds 和 plant debris in the soil, or in stored seed. When adults emerge, they can fly as far as 4 miles (6.4 km) to find pea plants where they need to feed on pea pollen before mating. Females deposit eggs on the outside of pea pods. Larvae hatch one to two weeks later 和 burrow directly through egg 和 pod, 变成成熟的种子. Larvae develop within the pea seed, slowly hollowing it out through their feeding. Larvae feed for about four to eight weeks before pupating. Adults may remain in the seed to overwinter or emerge 和 overwinter elsewhere.

损害

Pea weevil larvae 和 adults feed within pea seeds, reducing the weight of the seed by up to 30%. While adult exiting the seed leaves a noticeable .08-.12英寸(2-3毫米)孔, damage from larvae feeding is not easily observed 和 may only be noted once seeds reach storage facilities. Pea weevil feeding significantly reduces market value of seed, 使干豌豆不适合人类食用, 和 decreasing germination rates 和 stunting plant growth if seeds are sown. Pea weevils can cause 42-82% seed damage in the Pacific Northwest 和 even higher rates of infestation are documented worldwide.

监控

监控 for pea weevils should run from flowering through crop maturity. Every two weeks sample eight to 10 sites around field edges, where infestation is most likely. At each sample site make 25, 180 degree sweeps 和 count the pea weevils collected. Average the number of pea weevils per 25 sweep sample across all eight to 10 samples. The economic threshold in the Great Plains is two adults per 25 sweeps.

管理

主要管理策略

Remove volunteer plants 和 plant debris after harvest. Store pea straw well away from pea fields (at least 4 miles) or eliminate it before spring by burning it or feeding it to cattle. These practices reduce overwintering populations 和 eliminate potential sources of infestation.

物理

• Disc soil after harvest 和 destroy crop residue that could harbor overwintering pea weevils

文化

• 对照志愿者豌豆
• Pea cultivars with high concentrations of tannins in the pea or pea pod have shown resistance to pea weevil
• Early planting 和 harvest can reduce infestation 和 damage

生物

• 寄生蜂，如 Eupteromalus leguminis 和 Uscana senex have shown promise as biological control agents for pea weevil

化学

• Insecticides are most effective if applied before bloom, when pea weevils are present but before females have laid eggs
• Additional applications may be necessary if pea weevils are still present 10-14 days after first spray
• 如果豌豆象鼻虫数量不多, border spraying may be sufficient to achieve the desired level of control
• Fumigate if pea weevils are found in peas directly after harvest, in storage or in purchased seed
• Recommendations for pesticides to use in the management of pea weevil can be found on the 西北西北有害生物管理手册 网站

农药的警告

总是 read 和 follow the instructions printed on the pesticide label. The pesticide recommendations in this University of Idaho webpage do not substitute for instructions on the label. Pesticide laws 和 labels change frequently 和 may have changed since this publication was written. Some pesticides may have been withdrawn or had certain uses prohibited. 小心使用农药. Do not use a pesticide unless the specific plant, animal or other application site is specifically listed on the label. Store pesticides in their original containers 和 keep them out of the reach of children, 宠物和牲畜.

贸易名称 — To simplify information, trade names have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.

地下水 -保护地下水, 当有杀虫剂的选择时, the applicator should use the product least likely to leach.

拿破仑情史Wickwar，昆虫学家，IPM项目经理
桑福德Eigenbrode昆虫学特聘教授
2023